Postgraduate student of Kyiv National University of Culture and Art in the field of art criticism, O.S. Chorna
Scientific Supervisor: L.M. Bilyakovych, Doctor of Philosophy in Technical Sciences, Professor of Apparel Design Department of Kyiv Nationl University of Culture and Art
УДК 745.542.001.33
Origami as a modern art phenomenon:
systematization attempt
The purpose of this study was to make in order the conceptual and categorical apparatus of the origami art, to analyze its type and style from the aspect of the art history, to mark out the significant criteria of their possible classifications (by shaping, functionality, content, artistic expressiveness, etc.) and to systematize the origami as an art according to the detected criteria.
The scopes of the origami art could be defined with the sufficient veracity only after analyzing its internal structure and its conjugation with the other art forms.
Art forms differ from each other by the fact that they reflect different phenomena and by the usage of different descriptive tools. The theory of materialism sees the objective basis for certain art forms appearance in a variety of the surrounding world, in the inability to display the versatility of its properties by means of only a single art form [1, 5]. Yes, painting describes the “variegation” of the world, graphics describe “silhouette” and sculpture reflects the world as the volume form. Such a property of the world as “folding”, which describes the structure of the world, has been neglected by the artists for a long time. At the same time, the world has a huge number of folded planes: from the Earth’s crust crease to a gyrus. A new form of art should have been developed to display folding matter and other substances. In his book «The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque» G. Deleuze directly indicates the corresponding art form: “the science of matter takes origami as a model“[2, 12].
In the study of origami as an art form the “fold” appears to be its main element, its art dominant. The deep understanding of the fold, the philosophical and aesthetic understanding of it came into the basis of the postmodernism paradigm. The “fold” term includes a variety of semantic modifications. “Thus the concept of “folding”, “crease”, “fold”, “bend”, “bending”, “unbending” reflect different sides and verges of social, cultural and artistic space in the Modern Culturology” [3, 511]. The emergence of postmodernism paradigm brought about a newperception of objects of reality, an interest of artists in the new ways to image the outer and the inner world. Rapid development of origami at this period of history demonstrates the need of society in the most adequate to this need experience of entity content. The Soviet philosopher Borev Y. characterizes it as “an actual art form” of a certain epoch [4, 315].
We have chosen a structural method to the systematization of art as it allows to detect coordinating and subordinating ties between classifications based on the different criteria such as ontological, semiotic and others.
Systematization of the arts should be started with their classification to spatial, temporal and spatial-temporal, “because here is their actual primary objectively established difference” which most clearly characterizes the “ontological principle”that is in the bases of such division [5, 270]. According to this classification all the arts are distinguished into those that place their works in space, time and in space and time simultaneously. In this context origami is undoubtedly a spatial form of art. Though certain areas of this art, for example, kinematical origami that includes movable models, are on the verge of spatial and spatio-temporal arts.
As a phenomenon that represents the usage of artistic techniques and the logic of the spatial arts development origami by analogy with them can have several classifications depending on the selected criteria. They may be conditional both on its belonging to the spatial arts in line with the complex of its artistic, historical and cultural components and on internal historical and structural features of origami itself.
Let us consider the similarity of origami and music as performing forms of art. If “the first level of aesthetic attitude to reality is the contemplation” [6, 8], then the highest level is the process of recreation of reality, the process of creation. The reconstruction of the previously made artwork could be added to the creation process as the intermediate phase. The performing arts fully actualize this phenomenon, so does origami as one of them. By the analogy with the derivative arts origami artwork has both the author and the performer.
We know from the David Lister’s research that during the period of the paper arts formation two historical types of origami were formed: traditional (in the former Soviet Union the term “classical” was dominated) and author’s origami. Traditional origami was formed long before the twentieth century and had been transmitted in oral or written traditions from generation to generation, and as a result the authors of the works of this type of origami are unknown. Traditional origami in turn covers four historical types: ritual, utilitarian, ceremonial and recreational [7].
The semiotic principle of classification of arts into “image creating“and “non-image-creating“ is typical only for Soviet aesthetics and has no corresponding analogue in the West. The main division principle of this classification is characterized by the ability of some arts to use descriptive sign systems, while the others can use non-descriptive. The “image creating” term is used only in the context of the potential, the natural properties of art to image surrounding reality, or the absence of such potency that does not exclude the possibility of a separate “image creating” art form to use figurative symbols as well as abstract symbols in their works. Among the spatial arts the «image creating» arts are painting, sculpture, drawing and photography. It becomes clear from the above that origami also refers to the image creating arts. Usually “image creating” art is translated as «Fine Art», although these two concepts are different by their contents. «Fine art» is the art that has only an aesthetic function. Among the others it includes painting, sculpture, graphics, photography and of course also origami. The question is whether the above mentioned arts indeed have no applied function, or such divisionis factitious and had played out themselves in the XXI century.
In the context of the above, and by analogy with the listed arts origami can be typified according to its content and its functions into easel origami, monumental origami and applied origami.
The Mini origami (Minigami) could be separated out by analogy to miniature.
In some of its features origami is similar to sculpture. Origami, in the same way as sculpture, is a three-dimensional art. It has common with sculpture methods of expression: volume, plasticity, stippling, proportions and scale of the natural forms. However, unlike sculpture, origami makes three-dimensional forms from plane. A fold is its main formal quality. Origami artworks have not only external visual signs, but also the internal construction, which has high priority and sometimes is of great importance. By analogy to sculpture, which may have a round shape or relief, origami can be closed and opened.
It is proposed to divide origami into two types: monomodular and multimodular origami, according to the shaping technique. Monomodular origami in turn is divided into such types as Conventional origami, Plastic origami, Origami Tessellations, Pleat origami, Tachi’s origami, Origami Corrugations, Curvilinear origami, Crumpling origami and others. If the origami model in its structure contains shaping characteristics of several origami types, such origami is proposed to attribute to Synthesized origami.
Some of the above types may be divided into subtypes on the formative principle, such as origami mosaic, for example, is divided into two-dimensional and three-dimensional[8].
Probably the further development of art will find it not appropriate to allocate Curvilinear origami as a separate type of origami, and it will be only a form of Origami Tessellations and Origami Corrugations, some signs of this already exist.
Multimodular origami, simply –Modular origami, is divided into Hetero- and Homomodular origami [9, 36].
Modular origami also is structured by the content of module, in which shaping method of any of the above mentioned origami types could be used.
Similar to the sculpture, painting it is proposed to divide all the above mentioned types of origami into the following genres: animalistic, teratological, still life, portrait (mask), geometrical and others.
When creating the above typifications and classifications the following rules of division were used:
1) the division must be done by a single criterion;
2) the division must be proportionate and comprehensive;
3) the components of the division are required to be alternative and mutually exclusive;
4) the distribution must be uninterrupted and one-level [10, 24].
All the above mentioned classifications and typifications have coordinating and subordinating ties among each others and together they form the systematization of the origami art. “The system is the ordered in certain way set of elements that form a unit.” Every system is the component of another system of a higher level (a super-system) and contains elements that act as systems of a lower level (a subsystem) [10, 32]. In this case, each of the proposed classifications (typifications) is the subsystem of the system, and the general system of arts is a super-system in relation to it. Each system is characterized by the composition of elements, by the appearance of its structure and it has a certain function. The proposed below reduced systematization has a two-dimensional structure and has a function of a scientific forecasting of origami art development. This is the main useful function of this system.
1. Puppy by Edwin Corrie , photo: Dennis Walker, Origami Exhibition, March 22 to May 16, 2008, Edinburgh, Scotland, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/origamidennis/3121716521/in/set-72157611443551668/
2. Katydidby Brian Chan, photo: Chesley Austin,“Origami Now!” PEM (Peabody Essex Museum) June 16, 2007 – June 8, 2008, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/89659391@N00/2489512642/in/set-72157605036591719/
3. Andy Wilson, photo: Christiane Bettens, First origami tessellation convention Brasilia, 2006. At Jardim Botanico. July 27 – August 6, 2006, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/209204700/in/set-72157594228015402/
4. Goran Konjevod, photo: Christiane Bettens, OUSA Convention 2008. June 27-30, 2008. Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/2639322782/in/set-72157605992981233/
5. Tomohiro Tachi, photo: Jon Tucker, OUSA Convention 2008. June 27-30, 2008. Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jon_tucker/2738872593/in/set-72157606485277212/
6. Yoshi Yoshimura, photo: Yoshi Yoshimura, 5×5 PLURALISM. New York, 2008. June 13 – July 26, 2008. CSV Center, New York, United States, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/papelartefacto/2656480071/in/set-72157606093224594
7. Robert Lang, photo: Vignesh Cumareshan, BOS 40th Anniversary Convention 2007. September 6-9, 2007. Cambridge at the Kaetsu Centre, UK, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/childofsai/1434895881/in/set-72157602149411581/
8. Felipe Moreno, photo: Christiane Bettens, Centro Diffusione Origami convention, november 1st-4th 2007, in Verbania, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/sets/72157602938786637/with/1875315849/
9. Turtle by Eric Joisel , photo: Nigel Pottle, Masters of Origami, Pendulum Gallery, Vancouver, BC, CA, October 29 – November 10, 2007, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/npottle/1910725275/in/set-72157602949675856/
10. Krystyna Burczyk, photo: Christiane Bettens, 27th CDO Convention 2009, Verbania Pallanza, 5-8 December 2009, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/4171362991/in/pool-1305788@N21
11. Swan Candy Dish by Joseph Wu (Folded by Martin Quinn), photo: Dennis Walker Origami Exhibition, March 22 – May 16, 2008, Edinburgh, Scotland , URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/origamidennis/3121705859/in/set-72157611443551668/
12. Panda by Akira Yoshizawa (Folded by Dennis Walker), photo: Dennis Walker Origami Exhibition, March 22 – May 16, 2008, Edinburgh, Scotland , URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/origamidennis/3121740671/in/set-72157611443551668/
13. Eric Joisel – Orchestra detail, photo: Paula Versnick BOS 40th Anniversary Convention 2007, September 6-9, in Cambridge at the Kaetsu Centre, UK, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/orihouse/1364553365/sizes/o/
14. Alex Bateman, photo: Vignesh Cumareshan BOS 40th Anniversary Convention 2007 September 6-9, 2007, in Cambridge at the Kaetsu Centre, UK, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/childofsai/1434883287/in/set-72157602149411581/
15. Black Hole Sun by Christine Edison , photo: Nigel Pottle Masters of Origami, Pendulum Gallery, Vancouver, BC, CA, October 29 – November 10, 2007, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/npottle/1910652898/in/set-72157602949675856/
16. Goran Konjevod, photo: Christiane Bettens OUSA Convention 2008, June 27-30, 2008 at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/2639322766/in/set-72157605992981233/
17. Tomohiro Tachi, photo: Qsoz OUSA Convention 2008 June 27-30, 2008 at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/qsoz/2631114866/in/set-72157605939193883/
18. Yoko Nishimura Tsukuba University Graduation Exhibitions 2006, Tsukuba Museum of Art, Ibaraki., URL: http://yukonishimura.com/works-en.php
19. Polly Verity, photo: Jon Tucker OUSA Convention 2008, June 27-30, 2008 at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jon_tucker/2739118191/in/set-72157606485277212/
20. Vincent Floderer, photo: Alain Giacomini Official website CRIMP society, URL: http://www.le-crimp.org/spip.php?page=visionneuse&id_article=2&id_document=223
21. Joseph Wu, photo: Joseph Wu The Life of Paper, Roundhouse Community Arts & Recreation Centre, May 23 – June 1, 2008, Vancouver, Canada, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/josephwuorigami/2535595090/in/set-72157605332812541/
22. Herman Van Goubergen, photo: Vignesh Cumareshan BOS 40th Anniversary Convention 2007, September 6-9, 2007, in Cambridge at the Kaetsu Centre, UK, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/childofsai/1435759824/in/set-72157602149411581/
23. Ralf Konrad, photo: Christiane Bettens CDO Convention 2006 Verbania, Italy, December 8-10, 2006, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/319788161/in/set-72157594415349987/
24. Anna Kastlunger 27th CDO Convention 2009, Verbania Pallanza, 5-8 December 2009, photo: Christiane Bettens
25. Goran Konjevod, photo: Christiane Bettens OUSA Convention 2008, June 27-30, 2008, Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/2639322782/in/set-72157605992981233/
26. Tomohiro Tachi, photo: Jon Tucker OUSA Convention 2008, June 27-30, 2008, Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jon_tucker/2739709070/in/set-72157606485277212/
27. Yoshi Yoshimura, photo: Yoshi Yoshimura Biennale di Venezia 2011, Venezuelan Pavillion., URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/papelartefacto/5816559911/in/photostream
28. Polly Verity, photo: Jon Tucker OUSA Convention 2008, June 27-30, 2008, Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jon_tucker/2739955212/in/set-72157606485277212/
29. Vincent Floderer, photo: V. Floderer. Official website CRIMP society, URL: http://www.le-crimp.org/spip.php?page=visionneuse&id_article=2&id_document=212
30. Mick Guy, pixel module created by Max Hulme, photo: Vignesh Cumareshan BOS 40th Anniversary Convention 2007, September 6-9, 2007, in Cambridge at the Kaetsu Centre, UK, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/childofsai/1435874226/in/set-72157602149411581/
31. Vanda Battaglia, photo: Christiane Bettens CDO Convention 2006 Verbania, Italy, December 8-10, 2006, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/320639428/in/set-72157594415349987/
32. Pig by Edwin Corrie (Folded by Edwin Corrie), photo: Dennis Walker Origami Exhibition, March 22 to May 16, 2008, Edinburgh, Scotland , URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/origamidennis/3121716649/in/set-72157611443551668/
33. Katydid by Brian Chan, photo: Chesley Austin “Origami Now!” PEM (Peabody Essex Museum ), June 16, 2007 – June 8, 2008., URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/89659391@N00/2489512642/in/set-72157605036591719/
34. Jorge Lucero, photo: Christiane Bettens First origami tessellation convention Brasilia 2006, At Jardim Botanico, July 27 – August 6, 2006, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/sets/72157594228015402/with/208416332/
35. Andrea Michellini, photo: Christiane Bettens Centro Diffusione Origami convention in Verbania, Italy, December 5-8, 2008., URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/3094291831/in/set-72157610877806123/
36. Goran Konjevod, photo: Christiane Bettens OUSA Convention 2008, June 27-30, 2008, Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/2639322766/in/set-72157605992981233/
37. Tomohiro Tachi, photo: Jon Tucker OUSA Convention 2008, June 27-30, 2008, Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jon_tucker/2738867631/in/set-72157606485277212/
38. Yoshi Yoshimura, photo: Yoshi Yoshimura 5×5 PLURALISM. New York, June 13 – July 26, 2008, CSV Center, New York, United States, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/papelartefacto/2657306810/in/set-72157606093224594/
39. “Flame” by Jeannine Mosely, photo: Chris Walton “Origami Now!” PEM (Peabody Essex Museum ), June 16, 2007 – June 8, 2008, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/philocrites/905019412/
40. Felipe Moreno, photo: Christiane Bettens Centro Diffusione Origami convention, november 1st-4th 2007, in Verbania., URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/sets/72157602938786637/with/1875315849/
41. Faye Goldman, photo: Christiane Bettens Origami USA convention in New York City, June 25-28, 2010, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/4748187757/in/photostream/
42. Ramon Acin, photo: Paula Versnick Parque de Miguel Servet, in Huesca, Spain, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/orihouse/sets/72157605771980655/
43. Lang “Redpath Pteranodon,” a 4-meter (16 ‘) wingspan origami Pteranodon installed at the Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Paper custom made by Papeterie St.-Armand, Montreal, Canada.
44. Sipho Mabona, photo: Sipho Mabona FIRST IMAGES OF THE ASICS ORIGAMI LOUNGE IN BERLIN, August 15 – 23, 2009 , URL: http://www.mabonaorigami.com/blog/2009/09/14/test/
45. Squirrel by Edwin Corrie , photo: Dennis Walker Origami Exhibition, Edinburgh, Scotland, March 22 – May 16, 2008 , URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/origamidennis/3122529068/in/set-72157611443551668/
46. Satoshi Kamiya, photo: Christiane Bettens 27th CDO Convention 2009, Verbania Pallanza, 5-8 December, 2009, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/4173937461/in/set-72157622967520918/
47. Andy Wilson, photo: Christiane Bettens First origami tessellation convention Brasilia 2006, At Jardim Botanico, July 27 – August 6, 2006, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/209195755/in/set-72157594228015402
48. Geometric Saffron Mounds by Christine Edison, photo: Nigel Pottle Masters of Origami, Pendulum Gallery, Vancouver, BC, CA, October 29 – November 10, 2007, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/npottle/1911215056/in/set-72157602949675856/
49. Goran Konjevod, photo: Christiane Bettens OUSA Convention 2008, Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, June 27-30, 2008, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/2639322782/in/set-72157605992981233/
50. Tomohiro Tachi, photo: Jon Tucker OUSA Convention 2008, Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, June 27-30, 2008,, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jon_tucker/2739703800/in/set-72157606485277212/
51. Ray Schamp, photo: Ray Schamp Origami Tessellations, Gail Cahalan Gallery, Providence, RI, December 13, 2008-January 24, 2009. , URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/miura-ori/3120064532/in/set-72157611160013995/
52. Robert Lang, photo: Christiane Bettens Origami USA convention in New York City, June 25-28, 2010, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/4745581966/in/photostream/
53. Matt Wisby, photo: Matt Wisby British Origami Society Convention in Winchester, September 2009, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/wizmatt/3651278204
54. Jenna Kole, photo: Christiane Bettens Origami USA convention in New York City, June 25-28, 2010, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/sets/72157624383245970/with/4748187753/
55. Riccardo Colletto , photo: Christiane Bettens 27th CDO Convention 2009, Verbania Pallanza, 5-8 December 2009, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/4171725397/in/set-72157622967520918/
56. Jean-Charles Trebbi, photo: Christiane Bettens Centro Diffusione Origami convention, Tabiano Bagni, Italy, October 30 – November 1, 2010, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/5145311317/in/set-72157625298559972/
57. Annette & Paul Hassenforder, photo: Christiane Bettens Centro Diffusione Origami convention, november 1st-4th 2007, in Verbania., URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/1892449016/in/set-72157602938786637/
58. Anna Taylor, photo: Christiane Bettens OrigamiUSA Annual Convention for 2009, Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, June 26-30, 2009, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/3690821834/in/set-72157620912213688/
59. Vanda Battaglia, photo: Christiane Bettens 27th CDO Convention 2009, Verbania Pallanza, 5-8 December, 2009, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/4173886847/in/set-72157622967520918/
60. Anja Markiewicz, photo: Christiane Bettens Centro Diffusione Origami convention, Tabiano Bagni, Italy, October 30 – November 1, 2010, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/5142929571/in/set-72157625298559972/
61. Vincent Floderer, Anne-Cecile Plancq, photo: Alain Giacomini Official website CRIMP society, URL: http://www.le-crimp.org/spip.php?page=visionneuse&id_article=2&id_document=229
62. Rabbit by Fumiaki Kawahata (Folded by Dennis Walker), photo: Dennis Walker Origami Exhibition, March 22 to May 16, 2008, Edinburgh, Scotland http://www.flickr.com/photos/origamidennis/3122544488/in/set-72157611443551668/
63. Giraffe by Ronald Koh , photo: Nigel Pottle Masters of Origami, Pendulum Gallery, Vancouver, BC, CA, October 29 – November 10, 2007, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/npottle/1911594392/in/set-72157602949675856/
64. pangolin, by Eric Joissel, photo: Chris Walton “Origami Now!” PEM (Peabody Essex Museum), June 16, 2007 – June 8, 2008., URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/philocrites/905022700/
65. Tomohiro Tachi, photo: Jon Tucker OUSA Convention 2008, June 27-30, 2008, Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jon_tucker/2739703800/in/set-72157606485277212/
66. Sipho Mabona, photo: Nostrich OUSA Convention 2007, June 22-25, Fashion Institute of Technolog in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/orangex3/655903741/in/set-72157600544780955/
67. Roy T. Ivaki, photo: Jon Tucker Origami USA convention in New York City, June 25-28 2010, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jon_tucker/4744434007/in/set-72157624381715332/
68. Victor Coeurjoly Official website CRIMP society , URL: http://www.le-crimp.org/spip.php?page=portefolio2&id_article=26
69. Turtle by Eric Joisel , photo: Nigel Pottle Masters of Origami, Pendulum Gallery, Vancouver, BC, CA, October 29 – November 10, 2007, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/npottle/1910725275/in/set-72157602949675856/
70. Max Hulme, photo: Matt Wisby British Origami Society Convention in Winchester, September 2009, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/wizmatt/3900459076
71. Tony O’Hare, photo: Paula Versnick BOS Autumn Convention, September 12-14, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, England, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/orihouse/2872001533/in/set-72157607392921951/
72. Saadya Sternberg Meeting of Asociación Española de Papiroflexia from May 19-21, 2006, Barcelona, Spain at Seminari Salesia Marti Codolar., URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bkwebb/152067024/in/set-72057594141445943/
73. Joel Cooper , photo: Vanessa Ip Origami OUSA Convention 2007,June 22-25 at the Fashion Institute of Technolog in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/vipnyc/613978852/in/photostream/
74. Goran konjevod Personal website, URL: http://organicorigami.com/gallery/Pleat%20Tessellations%2011/index.html
75. Tomohiro Tachi, photo: Qsoz OUSA Convention 2008, June 27-30, 2008,Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/qsoz/2631114866/in/set-72157605939193883/
76. Satoshi Kamiya, photo: Christiane Bettens 27th CDO Convention 2009, Verbania Pallanza, 5-8 December, 2009, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/4173937461/in/set-72157622967520918/
77. Tomohiro Tachi, photo: Jon Tucker OUSA Convention 2008, June 27-30, 2008, Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jon_tucker/2738867631/in/set-72157606485277212/
78. Maarten Van Gelder, photo: Vignesh Cumareshan BOS 40th Anniversary Convention,September 6-9, 2007,Cambridge at the Kaetsu Centre, UK, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/childofsai/1434870465/in/set-72157602149411581/
79. Vincent Floderer, photo: Alain Hymon Official website CRIMP society , URL: http://www.le-crimp.org/spip.php?page=visionneuse&id_article=2&id_document=227
80. Robert J. Lang, photo: Vignesh Cumareshan, BOS 40th Anniversary Convention, September 6-9, 2007, in Cambridge at the Kaetsu Centre, UK, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/childofsai/1435766282/in/set-72157602149411581/
81. Famiglia Pillan, photo: Christiane Bettens 27th CDO Convention 2009, Verbania Pallanza, 5-8 December 2009, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/4172116308/in/set-72157622967520918/
82. Dr. Stephen O’Hanlon, photo: Paula Versnick BOS Autumn Convention, September 12-14, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, England, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/orihouse/2878240817/in/set-72157607392921951/
83. Satoshi Kamiya, photo: Christiane Bettens 27th CDO Convention 2009, Verbania Pallanza, 5-8 December 2009, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/4174694476/in/set-72157622967520918/
84. Satoshi Kamiya, photo: Christiane Bettens 27th CDO Convention 2009, Verbania Pallanza, 5-8 December 2009, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/4173936771/in/set-72157622967520918/
85. Tran Trung Hieu, photo: Jon Tucker OUSA Convention 2008, June 27-30, 2008, Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jon_tucker/2739690446/
86. J. Montroll (Folded by S. Adams), photo: Christiane Bettens 27th CDO Convention 2009, Verbania Pallanza, 5-8 December 2009, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/4172140457/in/set-72157622967520918/
87. Stars and Rhombics by Christiane Bettens, photo: Nigel Pottle Masters of Origami, Pendulum Gallery, Vancouver, BC, CA, October 29 – November 10, 2007, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/npottle/1910779775/in/set-72157602949675856/
88. Eric Gjerde, photo: Jon Tucker OUSA Convention 2008, June 27-30, 2008, Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jon_tucker/2739968504/in/set-72157606485277212/
89. Goran Konjevod, photo: Joseph Wu Origami Masters Exhibition being held at the Pendulum Gallery (HSBC Building, 885 West Georgia, Vancouver, BC) from October 29 to November 10, 2007, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/josephwuorigami/1880579587/in/photostream/
90. Tomohiro Tachi, photo: Jon Tucker OUSA Convention 2008, June 27-30, 2008,Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jon_tucker/2738872593/in/set-72157606485277212/
91. Yoshi Yoshimura, photo: Yoshi Yoshimura Biennale di Venezia 2011. Venezuelan Pavillion., URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/papelartefacto/5817127684/in/photostream/
92. Polly Verity, photo: Psychic_Newt OUSA Convention 2008, June 27-30, 2008, Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ubcsailingclubkeats/2628945752/in/pool-366877@N20/
93. Vincent Floderer, photo: V. Floderer. Official website CRIMP society , URL: http://www.le-crimp.org/spip.php?page=visionneuse&id_article=2&id_document=214
94. Francesco Decio, photo: Christiane Bettens 27th CDO Convention 2009, Verbania Pallanza, 5-8 December 2009, URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/4171360541/in/set-72157622967520918/
95. K. et W. Burczyk, photo: Christiane Bettens Centro Diffusione Origami convention, november 1st-4th 2007, in Verbania., URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/melisande-origami/1875259103/in/set-72157602938786637
By the content and character it is suggested to divide separate works of origami or the trends of origami as an analogues of distinguished art movement of the XX century: figurative, abstract, kinetic art and other.
Thus, the majority of works of Conventional and Plastic origami can be distinguished as Figurative art. On the contrary, in Origami Tessellations, Origami Corrugations, Curvilinear origami, not with standing the separate examples of figurative art, geometric abstraction compositions dominate.
As an example of a kinetic art in origami, Action origami can be distinguished.
Minimal origami is a first hint of the emergence of the analogue of avant-garde in origami. Putting limitations on the number of folds leading to a formal abstraction of reality, the refusal to go into the details of the form returns us back to the basics..
Also, it is suggested to distinguish art origami according to styles, e.g.: realism, hyperrealism , minimalism, installation, conceptual, etc..
Conclusions. Comparison of origami with bordering art forms and the usage of borrowed criteria for the structuring of origami will contribute to the creation of its systematization that will fully comply with the general laws of the differentiation of art. Development of systematization of the art of origami as an art-theoretical problem will contribute to the overall enrichment of the theory of art and should have serious implications for art criticism of certain types of origami art, giving each of them in the future a strong theoretical foundation. It will also promote the development of predictive hypotheses regarding the development of origami in the future.
1. Зись А. Я. Виды искусства / А. Я. Зись. – Знание, 1979. – 128 с.
Zis A.Y. Types Of Arts / Zis A.Y. – Znanie, 1979. – 128 p.
2. Делез Ж. Складка. Лейбниц и барокко / Жиль Делез, Пер. с фр. Б. М. Скуратова. – М.: Логос, 1998. – 264 с.
Deleuze G. The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque / G. Deleuze. – M.: Logos, 1998. – 264 p.
3. Иконникова С.Н. Теория культуры / С.Н. Иконникова, В.П. Большаков. – СПб. : Питер, 2008. –592 с.
Ikonnikova S.N. Theory of Culture / S.N.Ikonnikova, V.P.Bolshakov. – St. Petersburg: Piter, 2008. –592 p.
4. Борев Ю. Эстетика / Юрий Борев. – М. : Политиздат, 1986. – 496 с.
Borev Y. Aesthetics / Yuriy Borev. – M.: Politizdat, 1986. – 496 p.
5. Каган М. С. Морфология искусства / Моисей Самойлович Каган . – Ленинград : „Искусство”, 1972 . – с. 440
Kagan M.S. Morphology of the art /Moisey Samoilovich Kagan. – Leningrad: “Iskusstvo”, 1972 . – p. 440
6. Михалев В. П. Видовая специфика и синтез искусств / В.П. Михалев. – Наукова думка, 1984. – 100 с.
Mikhalev V.P. Species specificity and synthesis of the arts / V.P.Mikhalev – Naukova Dumka, 1984. – 100 p.
7. Lister D. Really Old Origami / David Lister. – Grimsby, 2001. –
URL : http://www.britishorigami.info/academic/lister/really_old_origami.php
8. Lister D. Tessellations :[ListerList] / David Lister. – Grimsby, 2006. – URL : http://www.britishorigami.info/academic/lister/tessel.php
9. Афонькин С.Ю. Все об оригами / Сергей Афонькин , Елена Афонькина. – СПб: ООО «СЗКЭО “ Кристалл”», 2004.– 272 с.
Afonkin S.Y. All About Origami / Sergei Afonkin, Elena Afonkina. – St. Petersburg: «SZKEO “ Kristall”» LLC, 2004.– 272 p.
10. Титов В. В. Системно-морфологический подход в науке, технике, социальной жизни / В. В. Титов. – 2003. – Режим доступа: http://anataz.narod.ru/science/syst/system0.html
Titov V.V. System-morphological approach to science, technology, social life / V.V.Titov. –2003. –URL: http://anataz.narod.ru/science/syst/system0.html
Oksana Chorna 